Pharmacoeconomics And Outcomes Research
Expert-defined terms from the Certificate in Pharmacy Benefit Management course at London School of Planning and Management. Free to read, free to share, paired with a professional course.
Absence Rate #
The percentage of employees who are absent from work due to illness or other health-related issues, which can be used as a measure of the impact of a disease on productivity. Related terms: Presenteeism, Productivity Loss. In the context of Pharmacoeconomics And Outcomes Research, absence rate can be used to estimate the indirect costs of a disease.
Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI) #
The estimated daily intake of a substance that is considered to be safe for human consumption over a lifetime, used to assess the safety of food additives and other substances. Related terms: No Observable Adverse Effect Level (NOAEL), Tolerable Daily Intake (TDI). In Pharmacoeconomics And Outcomes Research, ADI is used to evaluate the safety of drugs and other pharmacological substances.
Acquisition Cost #
The initial cost of purchasing a drug or other healthcare product, which can be used to compare the costs of different treatment options. Related terms: Average Wholesale Price (AWP), Wholesale Acquisition Cost (WAC). In Pharmacoeconomics And Outcomes Research, acquisition cost is an important consideration in the evaluation of the cost-effectiveness of different treatments.
Action Research #
A methodology that involves active participation of stakeholders in the research process, used to identify and solve problems in a practical and collaborative way. Related terms: Participatory Research, Collaborative Research. In Pharmacoeconomics And Outcomes Research, action research can be used to engage stakeholders in the development of research questions and the interpretation of results.
Activity #
Based Costing (ABC): A method of costing that involves assigning costs to specific activities or tasks, used to provide a more accurate estimate of the costs of different healthcare activities. Related terms: Cost Accounting, Management Accounting. In Pharmacoeconomics And Outcomes Research, ABC can be used to estimate the costs of different healthcare services and to identify areas for cost savings.
Adherence #
The degree to which patients follow the recommended treatment regimen, which can be used to evaluate the effectiveness of different treatments and to identify strategies for improving patient outcomes. Related terms: Compliance, Persistence. In Pharmacoeconomics And Outcomes Research, adherence is an important consideration in the evaluation of the cost-effectiveness of different treatments.
Administrative Claims Data #
A type of data that is collected from administrative claims, such as billing records and insurance claims, used to evaluate the use and costs of healthcare services. Related terms: Claims Data, Health Insurance Claims Data. In Pharmacoeconomics And Outcomes Research, administrative claims data can be used to estimate the costs and outcomes of different treatments.
Adverse Event (AE) #
An unfavorable or unintended event that occurs as a result of a drug or other treatment, which can be used to evaluate the safety of different treatments. Related terms: Side Effect, Toxicity. In Pharmacoeconomics And Outcomes Research, adverse events are an important consideration in the evaluation of the risk-benefit profile of different treatments.
Adverse Reaction #
An unfavorable or unintended response to a drug or other treatment, which can be used to evaluate the safety of different treatments. Related terms: Adverse Event, Side Effect. In Pharmacoeconomics And Outcomes Research, adverse reactions are an important consideration in the evaluation of the risk-benefit profile of different treatments.
Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) #
A US government agency that is responsible for conducting research on healthcare quality and safety, used to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of different healthcare interventions. Related terms: National Institutes of Health (NIH), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). In Pharmacoeconomics And Outcomes Research, AHRQ is a key source of funding and guidance for research on healthcare quality and safety.
Aggregate Data #
A type of data that is collected from a group or population, used to evaluate the characteristics and outcomes of a population. Related terms: Individual Data, Longitudinal Data. In Pharmacoeconomics And Outcomes Research, aggregate data can be used to estimate the costs and outcomes of different treatments at the population level.
Algorithm #
A set of rules or procedures that is used to make decisions or solve problems, used to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of different treatments. Related terms: Decision Tree, Cost-Effectiveness Analysis. In Pharmacoeconomics And Outcomes Research, algorithms can be used to identify the most cost-effective treatment options for different patient populations.
Alternative Therapy #
A type of therapy that is used as an alternative to conventional therapy, such as acupuncture or herbal medicine, which can be used to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of different treatment options. Related terms: Complementary Therapy, Integrative Medicine. In Pharmacoeconomics And Outcomes Research, alternative therapies can be evaluated for their cost-effectiveness and potential to improve patient outcomes.
Ambulatory Care #
A type of healthcare that is provided on an outpatient basis, such as in a clinic or physician's office, which can be used to evaluate the costs and outcomes of different healthcare services. Related terms: Inpatient Care, Outpatient Care. In Pharmacoeconomics And Outcomes Research, ambulatory care is an important setting for the delivery of healthcare services and the evaluation of their cost-effectiveness.
Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) #
A statistical method that is used to compare the means of two or more groups, used to evaluate the effectiveness of different treatments. Related terms: Regression Analysis, Hypothesis Testing. In Pharmacoeconomics And Outcomes Research, ANOVA can be used to compare the outcomes of different treatment groups and to identify factors that are associated with treatment outcomes.
Annualized Rate #
A rate that is expressed as a yearly rate, used to evaluate the costs and outcomes of different healthcare interventions over time. Related terms: Discount Rate, Time Preference. In Pharmacoeconomics And Outcomes Research, annualized rates can be used to estimate the costs and outcomes of different treatments over a lifetime or other extended period.
Antibiotic Resistance #
The ability of microorganisms to resist the effects of antibiotics, which can be used to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of different antibiotic treatments. Related terms: Antimicrobial Resistance, Drug Resistance. In Pharmacoeconomics And Outcomes Research, antibiotic resistance is an important consideration in the evaluation of the cost-effectiveness of different antibiotic treatments.
Antibiotic Stewardship #
A program or initiative that is designed to promote the appropriate use of antibiotics, used to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of different antibiotic treatments. Related terms: Antimicrobial Stewardship, Infection Control. In Pharmacoeconomics And Outcomes Research, antibiotic stewardship is an important consideration in the evaluation of the cost-effectiveness of different antibiotic treatments.
Area Under the Curve (AUC) #
A measure of the total amount of a substance that is present in the blood over time, used to evaluate the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of different drugs. Related terms: Maximum Concentration, Half-Life. In Pharmacoeconomics And Outcomes Research, AUC can be used to evaluate the efficacy and safety of different drugs.
Average Wholesale Price (AWP) #
The average price at which a drug or other healthcare product is sold to wholesalers, used to evaluate the costs of different treatment options. Related terms: Acquisition Cost, Wholesale Acquisition Cost (WAC). In Pharmacoeconomics And Outcomes Research, AWP is an important consideration in the evaluation of the cost-effectiveness of different treatments.
Average Treatment Effect (ATE) #
The average effect of a treatment on a population, used to evaluate the effectiveness of different treatments. Related terms: Intention-to-Treat Analysis, Per-Protocol Analysis. In Pharmacoeconomics And Outcomes Research, ATE can be used to estimate the average effect of a treatment on a population and to identify factors that are associated with treatment outcomes.
Bayesian Analysis #
A statistical method that is used to update the probability of a hypothesis based on new data, used to evaluate the effectiveness of different treatments. Related terms: Decision Theory, Cost-Effectiveness Analysis. In Pharmacoeconomics And Outcomes Research, Bayesian analysis can be used to update the probability of a treatment being effective based on new data and to identify the most cost-effective treatment options.
Benefit #
Cost Analysis (BCA): A method that is used to evaluate the benefits and costs of a program or intervention, used to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of different healthcare interventions. Related terms: Cost-Benefit Analysis, Cost-Effectiveness Analysis. In Pharmacoeconomics And Outcomes Research, BCA can be used to evaluate the benefits and costs of different healthcare interventions and to identify the most cost-effective options.
Benefit #
Risk Assessment: An evaluation of the benefits and risks of a treatment or intervention, used to evaluate the safety and effectiveness of different treatments. Related terms: Risk-Benefit Analysis, Cost-Effectiveness Analysis. In Pharmacoeconomics And Outcomes Research, benefit-risk assessment is an important consideration in the evaluation of the cost-effectiveness of different treatments.
Bias #
A systematic error or distortion in a study or analysis, used to evaluate the validity and reliability of different research methods. Related terms: Confounding Variable, Selection Bias. In Pharmacoeconomics And Outcomes Research, bias can be used to evaluate the validity and reliability of different research methods and to identify strategies for minimizing bias.
Binary Outcome #
A type of outcome that is measured as either present or absent, used to evaluate the effectiveness of different treatments. Related terms: Continuous Outcome, Categorical Outcome. In Pharmacoeconomics And Outcomes Research, binary outcomes can be used to evaluate the effectiveness of different treatments and to identify factors that are associated with treatment outcomes.
Biological Marker #
A measurable characteristic that is used to indicate the presence or progression of a disease, used to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of different treatments. Related terms: Biomarker, Surrogate Endpoint. In Pharmacoeconomics And Outcomes Research, biological markers can be used to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of different treatments and to identify factors that are associated with treatment outcomes.
Biosimilar #
A biologic product that is similar to an existing biologic product, used to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of different biologic treatments. Related terms: Generic Drug, Biologic Agent. In Pharmacoeconomics And Outcomes Research, biosimilars can be evaluated for their cost-effectiveness and potential to improve patient outcomes.
Bundle Payment #
A payment model that involves paying a single price for a bundle of healthcare services, used to evaluate the costs and outcomes of different healthcare services. Related terms: Episode-Based Payment, Capitation Payment. In Pharmacoeconomics And Outcomes Research, bundle payments can be used to evaluate the costs and outcomes of different healthcare services and to identify strategies for improving the efficiency and effectiveness of healthcare delivery.
Capitation Payment #
A payment model that involves paying a fixed price per patient for a specified period of time, used to evaluate the costs and outcomes of different healthcare services. Related terms: Fee-for-Service Payment, Bundle Payment. In Pharmacoeconomics And Outcomes Research, capitation payments can be used to evaluate the costs and outcomes of different healthcare services and to identify strategies for improving the efficiency and effectiveness of healthcare delivery.
Carryover Effect #
The effect of a treatment that persists after the treatment is stopped, used to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of different treatments. Related terms: Residual Effect, Rebound Effect. In Pharmacoeconomics And Outcomes Research, carryover effects can be used to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of different treatments and to identify factors that are associated with treatment outcomes.
Case #
Control Study: A type of study that involves comparing cases (individuals with a disease or condition) to controls (individuals without the disease or condition), used to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of different treatments. Related terms: Cohort Study, Randomized Controlled Trial. In Pharmacoeconomics And Outcomes Research, case-control studies can be used to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of different treatments and to identify factors that are associated with treatment outcomes.
Causal Inference #
The process of drawing conclusions about the cause-and-effect relationship between a treatment and an outcome, used to evaluate the effectiveness of different treatments. Related terms: Association, Correlation. In Pharmacoeconomics And Outcomes Research, causal inference is an important consideration in the evaluation of the effectiveness of different treatments.
Censoring #
The process of removing data from a study or analysis, used to evaluate the validity and reliability of different research methods. Related terms: Truncation, Missing Data. In Pharmacoeconomics And Outcomes Research, censoring can be used to evaluate the validity and reliability of different research methods and to identify strategies for minimizing bias.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) #
A US government agency that is responsible for protecting the public's health and safety, used to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of different healthcare interventions. Related terms: National Institutes of Health (NIH), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ). In Pharmacoeconomics And Outcomes Research, CDC is a key source of funding and guidance for research on healthcare quality and safety.
Certification #
The process of verifying that a healthcare provider or organization meets certain standards or criteria, used to evaluate the quality and safety of different healthcare services. Related terms: Accreditation, Licensure. In Pharmacoeconomics And Outcomes Research, certification can be used to evaluate the quality and safety of different healthcare services and to identify strategies for improving the efficiency and effectiveness of healthcare delivery.
Childhood Vaccine #
A type of vaccine that is administered to children, used to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of different vaccine treatments. Related terms: Adult Vaccine, Influenza Vaccine. In Pharmacoeconomics And Outcomes Research, childhood vaccines can be evaluated for their cost-effectiveness and potential to improve patient outcomes.
Chronic Care Model #
A model of healthcare that is designed to provide comprehensive and coordinated care to patients with chronic conditions, used to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of different healthcare interventions. Related terms: Disease Management, Case Management. In Pharmacoeconomics And Outcomes Research, the chronic care model can be used to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of different healthcare interventions and to identify strategies for improving the efficiency and effectiveness of healthcare delivery.
Claim #
A request for payment or reimbursement for a healthcare service or product, used to evaluate the costs and outcomes of different healthcare services. Related terms: Billing, Reimbursement. In Pharmacoeconomics And Outcomes Research, claims can be used to evaluate the costs and outcomes of different healthcare services and to identify strategies for improving the efficiency and effectiveness of healthcare delivery.
Clinical Decision Support System (CDSS) #
A system that is designed to provide healthcare providers with clinical decision-making support, used to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of different healthcare interventions. Related terms: Electronic Health Record (EHR), Computerized Physician Order Entry (CPOE). In Pharmacoeconomics And Outcomes Research, CDSS can be used to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of different healthcare interventions and to identify strategies for improving the efficiency and effectiveness of healthcare delivery.
Clinical Endpoint #
A measurable outcome that is used to evaluate the effectiveness of a treatment, used to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of different treatments. Related terms: Surrogate Endpoint, Biomarker. In Pharmacoeconomics And Outcomes Research, clinical endpoints can be used to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of different treatments and to identify factors that are associated with treatment outcomes.
Clinical Guideline #
A document that provides recommendations for the diagnosis, treatment, and management of a disease or condition, used to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of different healthcare interventions. Related terms: Practice Guideline, Treatment Guideline. In Pharmacoeconomics And Outcomes Research, clinical guidelines can be used to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of different healthcare interventions and to identify strategies for improving the efficiency and effectiveness of healthcare delivery.
Clinical Trial #
A type of study that is designed to evaluate the safety and effectiveness of a treatment, used to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of different treatments. Related terms: Randomized Controlled Trial, Observational Study. In Pharmacoeconomics And Outcomes Research, clinical trials can be used to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of different treatments and to identify factors that are associated with treatment outcomes.
Cohort Study #
A type of study that involves following a group of individuals over time to evaluate the development of a disease or condition, used to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of different treatments. Related terms: Case-Control Study, Randomized Controlled Trial. In Pharmacoeconomics And Outcomes Research, cohort studies can be used to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of different treatments and to identify factors that are associated with treatment outcomes.
Comorbidity #
A condition that co-occurs with a primary disease or condition, used to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of different treatments. Related terms: Comorbid Condition, Multimorbidity. In Pharmacoeconomics And Outcomes Research, comorbidities can be used to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of different treatments and to identify factors that are associated with treatment outcomes.
Comparative Effectiveness Research (CER) #
A type of research that is designed to compare the effectiveness of different treatments or interventions, used to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of different treatments. Related terms: Cost-Effectiveness Analysis, Decision Analysis. In Pharmacoeconomics And Outcomes Research, CER can be used to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of different treatments and to identify the most cost-effective treatment options.
Compounding #
The process of preparing a customized medication or treatment, used to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of different treatments. Related terms: Pharmacist, Pharmacy. In Pharmacoeconomics And Outcomes Research, compounding can be used to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of different treatments and to identify factors that are associated with treatment outcomes.
Computerized Physician Order Entry (CPOE) #
A system that is designed to provide healthcare providers with electronic access to patient information and ordering systems, used to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of different healthcare interventions. Related terms: Electronic Health Record (EHR), Clinical Decision Support System (CDSS). In Pharmacoeconomics And Outcomes Research, CPOE can be used to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of different healthcare interventions and to identify strategies for improving the efficiency and effectiveness of healthcare delivery.
Confidence Interval (CI) #
A statistical measure that is used to express the uncertainty of a result or estimate, used to evaluate the validity and reliability of different research methods. Related terms: Margin of Error, Standard Error. In Pharmacoeconomics And Outcomes Research, confidence intervals can be used to evaluate the validity and reliability of different research methods and to identify strategies for minimizing bias.
Confounding Variable #
A variable that is related to both the exposure and the outcome, used to evaluate the validity and reliability of different research methods. Related terms: Bias, Causal Inference. In Pharmacoeconomics And Outcomes Research, confounding variables can be used to evaluate the validity and reliability of different research methods and to identify strategies for minimizing bias.
Conjugate Prior #
A type of prior distribution that is used in Bayesian analysis, used to evaluate the effectiveness of different treatments. Related terms: Prior Distribution, Posterior Distribution. In Pharmacoeconomics And Outcomes Research, conjugate priors can be used to evaluate the effectiveness of different treatments and to identify factors that are associated with treatment outcomes.
Consortium #
A group of organizations or individuals that work together to achieve a common goal, used to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of different healthcare interventions. Related terms: Partnership, Collaboration. In Pharmacoeconomics And Outcomes Research, consortia can be used to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of different healthcare interventions and to identify strategies for improving the efficiency and effectiveness of healthcare delivery.
Consumer Price Index (CPI) #
A measure of the average change in prices of a basket of goods and services, used to evaluate the costs and outcomes of different healthcare services. Related terms: Inflation Rate, Cost of Living Index. In Pharmacoeconomics And Outcomes Research, CPI can be used to evaluate the costs and outcomes of different healthcare services and to identify strategies for improving the efficiency and effectiveness of healthcare delivery.
Contingency Table #
A table that is used to display the relationship between two or more categorical variables, used to evaluate the effectiveness of different treatments. Related terms: Cross-Tabulation, Chi-Square Test. In Pharmacoeconomics And Outcomes Research, contingency tables can be used to evaluate the effectiveness of different treatments and to identify factors that are associated with treatment outcomes.
Continuous Outcome #
A type of outcome that is measured on a continuous scale, used to evaluate the effectiveness of different treatments. Related terms: Binary Outcome, Categorical Outcome. In Pharmacoeconomics And Outcomes Research, continuous outcomes can be used to evaluate the effectiveness of different treatments and to identify factors that are associated with treatment outcomes.
Contract Research Organization (CRO) #
A company that provides research services to pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies, used to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of different treatments. Related terms: Contract Research, Clinical Research Organization. In Pharmacoeconomics And Outcomes Research, CROs can be used to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of different treatments and to identify factors that are associated with treatment outcomes.
Control Group #
A group of individuals who do not receive the treatment or intervention, used to evaluate the effectiveness of different treatments. Related terms: Treatment Group, Placebo Group. In Pharmacoeconomics And Outcomes Research, control groups can be used to evaluate the effectiveness of different treatments and to identify factors that are associated with treatment outcomes.
Controlled Substances Act (CSA) #
A law that regulates the use and distribution of controlled substances, used to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of different treatments. Related terms: Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA), Controlled Substance. In Pharmacoeconomics And Outcomes Research, CSA can be used to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of different treatments and to identify strategies for improving the efficiency and effectiveness of healthcare delivery.
Convalescence #
The period of recovery after an illness or injury, used to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of different treatments. Related terms: Rehabilitation, Recovery. In Pharmacoeconomics And Outcomes Research, convalescence can be used to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of different treatments and to identify factors that are associated with treatment outcomes.
Cost Accounting #
A method of accounting that is used to assign costs to specific activities or products, used to evaluate the costs and outcomes of different healthcare services. Related terms: Activity-Based Costing, Management Accounting. In Pharmacoeconomics And Outcomes Research, cost accounting can be used to evaluate the costs and outcomes of different healthcare services and to identify strategies for improving the efficiency and effectiveness of healthcare delivery.
Cost #
Benefit Analysis (CBA): A method that is used to evaluate the costs and benefits of a program or intervention, used to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of different healthcare interventions. Related terms: Cost-Effectiveness Analysis, Benefit-Cost Analysis. In Pharmacoeconomics And Outcomes Research, CBA can be used to evaluate the costs and benefits of different healthcare interventions and to identify the most cost-effective options.
Cost #
Effectiveness Analysis (CEA): A method that is used to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of a program or intervention, used to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of different healthcare interventions. Related terms: Cost-Benefit Analysis, Decision Analysis. In Pharmacoeconomics And Outcomes Research, CEA can be used to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of different healthcare interventions and to identify the most cost-effective options.
Cost #
Utility Analysis (CUA): A method that is used to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of a program or intervention in terms of quality-adjusted life years (QALYs), used to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of different healthcare interventions. In Pharmacoeconomics And Outcomes Research, CUA can be used to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of different healthcare interventions and to identify the most cost-effective options.
Council for International Organizations of Medical Sciences (CIOMS) #
A non-profit organization that is dedicated to promoting international cooperation in medical sciences, used to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of different healthcare interventions. Related terms: World Health Organization (WHO), International Conference on Harmonisation (ICH). In Pharmacoeconomics And Outcomes Research, CIOMS can be used to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of different healthcare interventions and to identify strategies for improving the efficiency and effectiveness of healthcare delivery.
Covariate #
A variable that is related to the outcome of interest, used to evaluate the effectiveness of different treatments. Related terms: Confounding Variable, Effect Modifier. In Pharmacoeconomics And Outcomes Research, covariates can be used to evaluate the effectiveness of different treatments and to identify factors that are associated with treatment outcomes.
Criterion Validity #
The extent to which a measure is related to a gold standard or criterion, used to evaluate the validity and reliability of different research methods. Related terms: Construct Validity, Content Validity. In Pharmacoeconomics And Outcomes Research, criterion validity can be used to evaluate the validity and reliability of different research methods and to identify strategies for minimizing bias.
Critical Path #
A method that is used to identify the most critical steps in a process or pathway, used to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of different healthcare interventions. In Pharmacoeconomics And Outcomes Research, critical path can be used to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of different healthcare interventions and to identify strategies for improving the efficiency and effectiveness of healthcare delivery.
Cross #
Sectional Study: A type of study that involves collecting data from a sample of individuals at a single point in time, used to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of different treatments. Related terms: Longitudinal Study, Case-Control Study. In Pharmacoeconomics And Outcomes Research, cross-sectional studies can be used to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of different treatments and to identify factors that are associated with treatment outcomes.
Data Mining #
A process of discovering patterns and relationships in large datasets, used to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of different treatments. Related terms: Data Analysis, Statistical Analysis. In Pharmacoeconomics And Outcomes Research, data mining can be used to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of different treatments and to identify factors that are associated with treatment outcomes.
Data Quality #
The extent to which data is accurate, complete, and reliable, used to evaluate the validity and reliability of different research methods. Related terms: Data Validation, Data Verification. In Pharmacoeconomics And Outcomes Research, data quality can be used to evaluate the validity and reliability of different research methods and to identify strategies for minimizing bias.
Decision Analysis #
A method that is used to evaluate the costs and benefits of different decision options, used to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of different healthcare interventions. In Pharmacoeconomics And Outcomes Research, decision analysis can be used to evaluate the costs and benefits of different healthcare interventions and to identify the most cost-effective options.
Decision Tree #
A diagram that is used to represent the possible outcomes of different decision options, used to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of different healthcare interventions. In Pharmacoeconomics And Outcomes Research, decision trees can be used to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of different healthcare interventions and to identify the most cost-effective options.
Deductible #
The amount that an individual must pay out-of-pocket before insurance coverage begins, used to evaluate the costs and outcomes of different healthcare services. Related terms: Copayment, Coinsurance. In Pharmacoeconomics And Outcomes Research, deductibles can be used to evaluate the costs and outcomes of different healthcare services and to identify strategies for improving the efficiency and effectiveness of healthcare delivery.
Dependent Variable #
A variable that is being measured or observed in a study, used to evaluate the effectiveness of different treatments. Related terms: Independent Variable, Outcome Variable. In Pharmacoeconomics And Outcomes Research, dependent variables can be used to evaluate the effectiveness of different treatments and to identify factors that are associated with treatment outcomes.
Descriptive Statistics #
A set of statistical methods that are used to describe the characteristics of a dataset, used to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of different treatments. Related terms: Inferential Statistics, Statistical Analysis. In Pharmacoeconomics And Outcomes Research, descriptive statistics can be used to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of different treatments and to identify factors that are associated with treatment outcomes.
Disease Management #
A program or initiative that is designed to manage and coordinate care for patients with a specific disease or condition, used to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of different healthcare interventions. Related terms: Case Management, Chronic Care Model. In Pharmacoeconomics And Outcomes Research, disease management can be used to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of different healthcare interventions and to identify strategies for improving the efficiency and effectiveness of healthcare delivery.
Discount Rate #
A rate that is used to discount future costs and benefits to their present value, used to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of different healthcare interventions. Related terms: Time Preference, Annualized Rate. In Pharmacoeconomics And Outcomes Research, discount rates can be used to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of different healthcare interventions and to identify the most cost-effective options.
Discounted Cash Flow (DCF) #
A method that is used to evaluate the present value of future cash flows, used to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of different healthcare interventions. Related terms: Net Present Value (NPV), Internal Rate of Return (IRR). In Pharmacoeconomics And Outcomes Research, DCF can be used to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of different healthcare interventions and to identify the most cost-effective options.
Dose #
Response Curve: A graph that shows the relationship between the dose of a treatment and the resulting effect, used to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of different treatments. Related terms: Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics. In Pharmacoeconomics And Outcomes Research, dose-response curves can be used to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of different treatments and to identify factors that are associated with treatment outcomes.
Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) #
A US government agency that is responsible for enforcing laws related to controlled substances, used to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of different treatments. Related terms: Controlled Substances Act (CSA), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In Pharmacoeconomics And Outcomes Research, DEA can be used to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of different treatments and to identify strategies for improving the efficiency and effectiveness of healthcare delivery.
Drug Utilization Review (DUR) #
A process of reviewing and evaluating the use of drugs in a population, used to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of different treatments. Related terms: Pharmacy and Therapeutics Committee, Formulary Management. In Pharmacoeconomics And Outcomes Research, DUR can be used to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of different treatments and to identify strategies for improving the efficiency and effectiveness of healthcare delivery.
Economic Evaluation #
A study that is designed to evaluate the costs and benefits of a program or intervention, used to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of different healthcare interventions. In Pharmacoeconomics And Outcomes Research, economic evaluations can be used to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of different healthcare interventions and to identify the most cost-effective options.
Effect Modifier #
A variable that modifies the effect of a treatment or intervention, used to evaluate the effectiveness of different treatments. Related terms: Confounding Variable, Covariate. In Pharmacoeconomics And Outcomes Research, effect modifiers can be used to evaluate the effectiveness of different treatments and to identify factors that are associated with treatment outcomes.
Effect Size #
A measure of the magnitude of the effect of a treatment or intervention, used to evaluate the effectiveness of different treatments. Related terms: Statistical Significance, Clinical Significance. In Pharmacoeconomics And Outcomes Research, effect sizes can be used to evaluate the effectiveness of different treatments and to identify factors that are associated with treatment outcomes.
Electronic Health Record (EHR) #
A digital version of a patient's medical record, used to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of different healthcare interventions. Related terms: Computerized Physician Order Entry (CPOE), Clinical Decision Support System (CDSS). In Pharmacoeconomics And Outcomes Research, EHRs can be used to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of different healthcare interventions and to identify strategies for improving the efficiency and effectiveness of healthcare delivery.
Endpoint #
A measurable outcome that is used to evaluate the effectiveness of a treatment, used to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of different treatments. Related terms: Clinical Endpoint, Surrogate Endpoint. In Pharmacoeconomics And Outcomes Research, endpoints can be used to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of different treatments and to identify factors that are associated with treatment outcomes.
Episode #
Based Payment: A payment model that involves paying a single price for a episode of care, used to evaluate the costs and outcomes of different healthcare services. Related terms: Bundle Payment, Capitation Payment. In Pharmacoeconomics And Outcomes Research, episode-based payments can be used to evaluate the costs and outcomes of different healthcare services and to identify strategies for improving the efficiency and effectiveness of healthcare delivery.
Evidence #
Based Medicine (EBM): A approach to medicine that emphasizes the use of evidence from clinical research to guide medical decisions, used to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of different treatments. Related terms: Clinical Guideline, Practice Guideline. In Pharmacoeconomics And Outcomes Research, EBM can be used to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of different treatments and to identify strategies for improving the efficiency and effectiveness of healthcare delivery.
Exclusion Criteria #
A set of criteria that are used to exclude individuals from a study or analysis, used to evaluate the validity and reliability of different research methods. Related terms: Inclusion Criteria, Eligibility Criteria. In Pharmacoeconomics And Outcomes Research, exclusion criteria can be used to evaluate the validity and reliability of different research methods and to identify strategies for minimizing bias.
Expected Utility Theory #
A theory that is used to evaluate the expected utility of different decision options, used to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of different healthcare interventions. Related terms: Decision Analysis, Cost-Effectiveness Analysis. In Pharmacoeconomics And Outcomes Research, expected utility theory can be used to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of different healthcare interventions and to identify the most cost-effective options.
External Validity #
The extent to which the results of a study can be generalized to other populations or settings, used to evaluate the validity and reliability of different research methods. Related terms: Internal Validity, Generalizability. In Pharmacoeconomics And Outcomes Research, external validity can be used to evaluate the validity and reliability of different research methods and to identify strategies for minimizing bias.
Fee #
for-Service Payment: A payment model that involves paying a fee for each service or procedure, used to evaluate the costs and outcomes of different healthcare services. Related terms: Capitation Payment, Bundle Payment. In Pharmacoeconomics And Outcomes Research, fee-for-service payments can be used to evaluate the costs and outcomes of different healthcare services and to identify strategies for improving the efficiency and effectiveness of healthcare delivery.
Formulary #
A list of medications that are approved for use in a particular healthcare setting, used to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of different treatments. Related terms: Pharmacy and Therapeutics Committee, Drug Utilization Review. In Pharmacoeconomics And Outcomes Research, formularies can be used to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of different treatments and to identify strategies for improving the efficiency and effectiveness of healthcare delivery.
Frequency Distribution #
A graph or table that shows the frequency of different values or categories, used to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of different treatments. Related terms: Histogram, Bar Chart. In Pharmacoeconomics And Outcomes Research, frequency distributions can be used to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of different treatments and to identify factors that are associated with treatment outcomes.
Functional Status #
A measure of an individual's ability to perform daily activities and functions, used to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of different treatments. Related terms: Quality of Life, Activities of Daily Living. In Pharmacoeconomics And Outcomes Research, functional status can be used to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of different treatments and to identify factors that are associated with treatment outcomes.
Generalizability #
The extent to which the results of a study can be generalized to other populations or settings, used to evaluate the validity and reliability of different research methods. Related terms: External Validity, Internal Validity. In Pharmacoeconomics And Outcomes Research, generalizability can be used to evaluate the validity and reliability of different research methods and to identify strategies for minimizing bias.
Genetic Testing #
A type of testing that is used to identify genetic mutations or variations, used to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of different treatments. Related terms: Pharmacogenomics, Personalized Medicine. In Pharmacoeconomics And Outcomes Research, genetic testing can be used to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of different treatments and to identify factors that are associated with treatment outcomes.
Geographic Information System (GIS) #
A system that is used to analyze and display geographic data, used to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of different healthcare interventions. Related terms: Spatial Analysis, Geographic Analysis. In Pharmacoeconomics And Outcomes Research, GIS can be used to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of different healthcare interventions and to identify strategies for improving the efficiency and effectiveness of healthcare delivery.
Health Insurance Claim #
A request for payment or reimbursement for a healthcare service or product, used to evaluate the costs and outcomes of different healthcare services.